101. Składnia angielskich czasowników „say”, „speak”, „tell”, „talk”

2) Schematy walencyjne (konstrukcje składniowe)

Przyjmijmy następujące symbole:

() ‒ element fakultatywny, nieobowiązkowy;

~ ‒ powtórzenie, np. tematu;

N ‒ rzeczownik, ang. noun,;

prep ‒ przyimek, ang. preposition;

V ‒ czasownik, ang. verb.

Oto możliwe schematy walencyjne (kolorem czerwonym zaznaczono najczęstsze użycia w języku za 7. wyd. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary; przykłady również pochodzą z tego słownika lub są uproszczonymi wersjami podanych tam przykładów): 

SCHEMAT	SAY	SPEAK	TELL	TALK
V		speak I speak to Joe? Speaking!	tell he won’t tell	talk stop talking and listen!
V + N	say sth just say something	speak sth he speaks English/truth	tell sth he tells jokes to tell sb/sth apart	talk/be ~ing sth he talks English/rubbish we’re talking his life INF
V + V	say to do sth he said to meet him here be said to do sth he is said to be guilty		be told to do sth we’re told to come here
V+ N + (prep N)	say sth (to sb) he said that to me he said, ‘Don’t cry’.		tell sth (to sb) we told the news to him he told that it was true tell s (from s) tell her from her mum
V + N + N V + N + V			tell sb sth we told him the news ‘I’m ready,’ he told us tell sb to do sth he told him to leave
V + prep N		speak (to/with sb) (about sb/sth) he spoke to him about it speak about/of sb/sth he speaks of her kindly speak with sth speak with an accent	tell (on sb) it began to tell on them	talk (to/with sb) (about sb/sth) I’m talkin’ to U about it talk of/on sb/sth he talks of a new job